京剧文化之旅｜京剧曲目鉴赏——《锁麟囊》衔环报恩的人间故事

Tour of Peking Opera｜A Lucky Purse: A Tale about Repaying Debt of Gratitude

“京剧文化之旅”是北京市海外文化交流中心于2020年徽班进京二百三十周年之际策划的品牌项目。通过线下与线上文化体验，“京剧文化之旅”为京剧爱好者们带来精彩不停的京剧文化盛宴，今天就让我们一起来鉴赏京剧曲目《锁麟囊》吧！

“Culture Tour of Beijing Opera” is a flagship program launched by Beijing Overseas Cultural Exchanges Center in 2020 to honor the 230th anniversary of the Anhui troupes entering Beijing. Such online and offline activities present one and another cultural feasts for Beijing Opera fans. Today, let’s have a glimpse of Beijing Opera A Lucky Purse.

提到京剧《锁麟囊》，不得不提程派。京剧《锁麟囊》1940年首演于上海的黄金大戏院，一炮打响，轰动上海滩，得到“秋云阅厚，韵绝尘寰”的极高评价，1941年在北京的长安大戏院又成功上演、盛况空前。

程派《锁麟囊》在表演上，无论眼神、身段、步法、指法、水袖、剑术，都有一系列的创造和与众不同的特点，作为一个完整的艺术流派，全面展现在京剧艺术舞台上。

If taking about the Peking Opera play A Lucky Purse, one must mention the Cheng school of Peking Opera. The play caused a sensation as it debuted at the Golden Theater in Shanghai in 1940. Some praised it as the“best of the best”. In 1941, when it was staged at Chang’an Grand Theater in Beijing, it drew wide attention again. 

A Lucky Purse fully demonstrates the innovative and distinctive features of the Cheng school of Peking Opera, whether it is eye expressions, movements, footwork, fingering, sleeve performances, and acrobatic sword fighting. The play displays the unique style of the Cheng school to the fullest extent. 

程砚秋京剧《锁麟囊》剧照

图片来源：北京京剧院

A still from A Lucky Purse, performed by Cheng Yanqiu 

Photo from Jingju Theater Company of Beijing

【创演故事】

历经八十余载，久演不衰

Creation and Staging

The play has been staged for more than 80 years since its debut. 

《锁麟囊》是程砚秋看到抗战时期“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨”的现象后，出于“安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜”的善意，于1938年请翁偶虹先生根据《只尘谈》中的《赠囊记》情节改编的剧本。用了将近两年的时间，在王瑶卿先生的辅导下打磨唱腔和表演。

In 1938, touched by the extreme polarization of wealth during the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Peking Opera artist Cheng Yanqiu asked Mr. Weng Ouhong to adapt the play A Lucky Purse based on the story“Gifting the Treasure Pouch” from the literary treatise Zhi Chen Tan, in hopes to“inspire kindness among the public to help those in need”. Then, he spent two years improving singing and acting under the instruction of Mr. Wang Yaoqing. 

程砚秋

图片来源：北京京剧院

Cheng Yanqiu 

Photo from Jingju Theater Company of Beijing

1940年4月30日在上海黄金大戏院首演，竟获场场爆满。连演10场后，程砚秋按计划唱了一场《玉堂春》，但是观众强烈要求继续演出《锁麟囊》，前后演了25场仍欲罢不能。据说当时就形成了程砚秋在台上独唱，观众在台下合唱的情景。接着，他的弟子纷纷在全国各地搬演此剧，受欢迎程度可想而知。

然而，《锁麟囊》的演出也并非“一帆风顺”，甚至一度遭到禁演。程砚秋之子程永江说：“在那个以阶级斗争为纲的年代里，《锁麟囊》成为长期批判、十恶不赦的禁演剧目。”一直到1979年，程派传人才冲破藩篱，开始演出《锁麟囊》，并很快成为热演的剧目。《锁麟囊》历经八十余载，久演不衰，传承至今，已成为家喻户晓的经典佳作。

On April 30, 1940, the play debuted at the Golden Theater in Shanghai. The theater was always packed when the play was staged. After 10 performances in succession, Cheng planned to stage another play The Story of Susan. However, the audience still wanted to watch A Lucky Purse. Eventually, Cheng gave 25 performances of the play in the theater. When Cheng performed on the stage, the audience chorused offstage. Later, his disciples performed the play around the country, indicating its astonishing popularity. 

However, the staging of A Lucky Purse wasn’t always a smooth sail. It was even banned for some time.“In the time when class struggle was given top priority, A Lucy Purse was stigmatized as‘poisonous’ and banned for a long term,” recalled Cheng Yongjiang, the son of Cheng Yanqiu. Until 1979 had artists of the Cheng school shaken off shackles and restaged A Lucky Purse. Soon, it became popular among the audience again. Over more than eight decades since its debut, the play has been passed on across generations and become a household name. 

【故事梗概】

简单的陪嫁之物

连接两名女性的无常人生

Storyline

A purse used as the dowry changes the fates of two women and connects their lives together

上图：程派第二代弟子之一迟小秋

京剧《锁麟囊》剧照

下图：程派第二代弟子之一张火丁

京剧《锁麟囊》剧照

图片来源：北京京剧院

Upper: Chi Xiaoqiu, a second-generation artist of the Cheng school of Peking Opera

A still from A Lucky Purse

Lower: Zhang Huoding, a second-generation artist of the Cheng school of Peking Opera

A still from A Lucky Purse

Photo from Jingju Theater Company of Beijing

登州富户薛氏门中之女薛湘灵许配周庭训，嫁前按当地习俗，薛老夫人赠女锁麟囊，内装珠宝甚多。结婚当日，花轿在中途遇雨，至春秋亭暂避；又来一花轿，轿中为贫女赵守贞，因感世态炎凉而啼哭。问清缘由后，薛湘灵仗义以锁麟囊相赠，雨止各去。

六年后登州大水，薛、周两家逃难，湘灵失散，独漂流至莱州，偶遇娘家老奴胡婆，胡婆携湘灵至当地绅士卢胜筹所设粥棚，恰巧卢员外正在为其幼子天麟雇保姆，湘灵应募。一日，湘灵伴天麟游戏于园中，触景伤情，百感交集，顿悟贫富无常。天麟抛球入一小楼，要湘灵上楼为其拾取，在楼上，湘灵找球时猛然见到六年前自己赠出的锁麟囊，不觉感泣。原来，卢夫人即赵守贞，见状盘诘，才知面前的这位“薛妈”便是六年前慷慨赠囊的薛小姐，遂敬之如上宾，薛湘灵一家团圆并与卢夫人结为金兰之好。（摘自：CCTV-11戏曲频道《中国京剧像音像集萃》）

Xue Xiangling, the daughter of a wealthy man surnamed Xue in Dengzhou, was married to Zhou Tingxun. According to local customs, her mother gave Xue Xiangling a purse containing jewels. On the wedding day, Xue took a sedan to her husband’s home. Suddenly, it rained, and she took shelter in a pavilion. At the moment, another sedan carrying Zhao Shouzhou, a poor bride, arrived. Zhao cried for her miserable life. Knowing why Zhao cried, Xue kindly gave her purse full of jewels to Zhao. 

Six years later, the Xue and Zhou families became homeless as a severe flood hit Dengzhou. Xue Xiangling drifted to Laizhou alone, where she met her former servant Hu Po. Guided by Hu Po, Xue asked for something to eat at the soup kitchen donated by local gentleman Lu Shengchou. Lu was recruiting a babysitter for his young son Lu Tianlin. Xue got the job. One day, she accompanied Tianlin to play in the garden. Seeing the garden like the one in her former mansion, Xue lamented on her misfortune. Then, Tianlin threw a ball onto a tower and asked Xue to help retrieve it. As she climbed onto the tower, Xue saw the purse that she gave to Zhao six years ago. She couldn’t help weeping. It turned out that Zhao was now Mr. Lu, and she then knew the babysitter Xue was the lady who gifted the purse to her. Zhao then treated Xue as a distinguished guest, and the two became sworn sisters. Later, with the help of Zhao, Xue reunited with her missing family. (From CCTV-11’s program“Collection of Chinese Peking Opera Videos”)

这锁麟囊，原本只是一个简单的陪嫁物，却将陌生的两个女子牵扯在一起，淋漓尽致地展现了人生无常。京剧《锁麟囊》跌宕起伏的剧情，以程派艺术低回婉转的唱腔诠释，如泣如诉，上演了一场人生百态。

The purse used as the dowry linked the lives of two women who were formerly strangers, and the story fully reflects the ups and downs of human life. The attractive storyline of A Lucky Purse is vividly interpreted by the low but elegant singing style of the Cheng school, presenting the rises and falls in life.

【剧目特点】

人物生动、起伏跌宕，情节丰富

Features of the Play

Vivid characterizations and undulating plots 

程派第三代弟子之一郭玮

京剧《锁麟囊》剧照

图片来源：北京京剧院

Guo Wei, a third-generation artist of the Cheng school of Peking Opera

A still from A Lucky Purse

Photo from Jingju Theater Company of Beijing

京剧《锁麟囊》的特点是人物生动、起伏跌宕，情节丰富。在唱腔设计上更是独具匠心、别出心裁，在程派剧目中独居魁首，在整个京剧界的地位亦为举足轻重，品位高雅，佳句叠出，结构巧妙，节奏得法，张驰有度。

《锁麟囊》具有浓郁的“程派”艺术特色，尤其在唱腔方面更有着极为丰富的革新创造。它突出表明了程腔是在继承优秀传统基础上，博采众长，融于一体，创造性地发展了京剧“旦行”的演唱艺术。

A Lucky Purse features vivid characterizations and undulating plots. Besides, its singing style is innovative and distinctive. For this reason, it tops all plays of the Cheng school and even occupies an important position in the history of Peking Opera. It boasts elegant lyrics, well-designed plot structure, and flexible and dynamic rhythms. 

A Lucky Purse demonstrates a strong flavor of the Cheng school. Its singing style, in particular, shows great innovations. It proves that the Cheng school has formed its unique style through inheriting fine traditions and learning from others, and creatively developed the singing art of dan (female role) in Peking Opera. 

关于京剧文化之旅

作为文旅融合项目，“京剧文化之旅”将旅游相关的“吃、住、行、游、购、娱”六大要素与京剧有机结合起来，实现京剧振兴与发展的目标，打造成为北京的城市金名片。项目自策划以来已陆续开展了“大戏看北京——京剧文化之旅特展”、“京剧文化之旅·骑行之美”等丰富多样的主题活动。在全年活动策划中，“京剧文化之旅”注重多角度突出京剧特色，全方位深入推广京剧文化，通过欣赏京剧表演艺术、探秘剧装制作技艺、感受京剧骑行之美、参与亲子互动体验等不同活动形式，让参与者全方位体验京剧文化，感受国粹艺术的独特魅力。

“Culture Tour of Beijing Opera” is a flagship program launched by Beijing Overseas Cultural Exchanges Center in 2020 to honor the 230th anniversary of the Anhui troupes entering Beijing. As a cultural tourism program, it perfectly combines Beijing Opera and the six key elements of tourism – catering, accommodation, transport, sightseeing, shopping, and entertainment, with an aim to boost the revival and development of Beijing Opera and create a“golden insignia” for Beijing. Since its inception, the program has organized a variety of colorful events such as“Enjoying Beijing in Traditional Opera – A Special Exhibition of Beijing Opera Culture” and“A Bicycling Trip to Experience the Beauty of Beijing Opera”. When planning public events for the whole year, the program attaches great importance to highlighting the unique features of Beijing Opera from diverse perspectives and promote Beijing Opera culture across the board. Through various activities such as enjoying Beijing Opera performances, exploring secrets of Beijing Opera costumes, experiencing the beauty of Beijing Opera via a bicycle trip, and participating in parent-child interactive games, participants can comprehensively experience the unique charm of Beijing Opera, a national treasure of China. Such online and offline activities present one and another cultural feasts for Beijing Opera fans. 

参考文献：

1.《程砚秋“改戏”惹祸为《锁麟囊》遭禁抱恨终天》2010年5月，北京青年报

2.《为程砚秋先生写剧本——<锁麟囊>》，《人民政协报》，作者翁偶虹

3. 《传承中华优秀传统文化<锁麟囊>唱响长安大戏院》，2022年10月，作者李红根